Objective To retrospectively investigate vascular access (VA) in hemodialysis patients in our hemodialysis center. Method We recruited 1102 patients in this center in 2010, of whom 667 were incident patients, and 435 were prevalent patients. Their VA types were recorded. Autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) used in maintenance hemodialysis patients and the primary diseases in patients with long-term indwelling catheterization were analyzed. SPSS software was used for the statistical analyses. Results In the 667 incident patients for VA, 81.26% of them used provisional catheter, 4.2% long-term cuffed catheter, and 14.54% AVF. In the 435 prevalent patients, 83.91% of them used AVF, 13.56% long-term cuffed catheter, 1.84% provisional catheter, and 0.69% graft vessel. The radio-cephalic anastomosis was the most common site for AVF. We treated complications from AVF in 173 cases (15.7%). The complications seen in these patients included thrombosis (72.25%), arterial steal syndrome (14.45%), stenosis at anastomosis site (8.67%), and extremity edema (4.62%). The average infection rate in patients with long-term cuffed catheters was 0.07/1,000 catheterization days. Conclusion In incident patients, provisional catheters were frequently performed. In maintenance hemodialysis patients, autologous AVF was frequently seen, and artificial vessel graft for VA was less recommended. Prevention of complications from AVF has been an important issue in clinical practice.