Abstract: Gut-derived uremic toxins (GUTs) accelerate the progression of chronic kidney disease, leading to various complications and increased mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). GUTs are difficult to be removed directly by dialysis. Therapeutic strategies to clear GUTs include dietary modifications, flora modifications, oral adsorbents and improvement of hemodialysis modalities. Clearance of GUTs is critical for ESRD patients. This article reviews the research advances in GUTs and the related therapies.

Key words: Gut-derived uremic toxins, End-stage renal disease, Chronic kidney disease, Blood purification, Protein-bound uremic toxins