Approximately 80% of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergo hemodialysis (HD) treatment. However, due to factors such as long-term catheter use and hypoalbuminemia, HD patients often face a heightened risk of infection, including blood-borne infectious diseases caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Treponema pallidum (causing syphilis). According to the latest Criteria for Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (WS/T312—2023) and the Standard Operating Procedures for Blood Purification (2021 Edition), outpatient HD patients are required to undergo monitoring for these four types of infectious diseases. Nevertheless, surveillance techniques are greatly influenced by detection methodologies and infection control measures. In recent years, with advances in laboratory technology, there is an urgent need to refine and update the relevant detection procedures and infection control measures. Therefore, to better protect HD patients and improve relevant technical requirements, the Guangdong Provincial Hospital Association Clinical Laboratory Management Professional Committee, in collaboration with multiple societies, organized an expert group based on the latest clinical practices and technological advancements in clinical laboratories, nosocomial infection management, and nephrology departments. The consensus document, authored by this expert group, aims to recommend the application of highly sensitive detection technologies, nosocomial infection prevention measures, and standardized diagnostic and therapeutic practices among healthcare professionals, thereby effectively controlling the transmission of blood-borne pathogens in HD patients.