Objective To observe the eyeground pathological changes in maintenance hemodialysis patients, and to analyse the possible related factors of its high incidence. Methods We choosed 30 cases who took health examination as normal controlls randomly, 33 hypertension patients as hypertension group, and 36 maintenance patients hemodialysis (no Diabetes patients ) as hemodialysis group. We checked the three groups' people's blood pressure and examined their eyeground. We also checked serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein. Results The mean systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in hypertension group is higher than the other two groups significantly. ( P<0.001) . There were on significant diffevence between the other two groups, (P<0.01). The incidence of eyeground pathological changes in hemodialysis group is higher and more severe than the other two groups, accounting for 63.3% of the all three groups, and 94.4% of all examined cases hemodialysis. In hemodialysis group the level of triglyceride and low density lipoprotein rised significantly, which is classified into the type Ⅳ hyperlipidemia. The of high density lipoprotein level was lower. Conclusion The maintenance patients hemodialysis had a higher eyeground disease incidence. Except for secondary hypertension, the accumulation of metabolic products, lipid metabolic disorder, and arterial sclerosis etc. are all factors related to these pathological changes, dyslipidemia should be given adequate treatment especially.