Objective To investigate the relationship between HCV infection and blood transfusion of maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods The HCV antibody and HCV-RNA of 242 hemodialysis patients were detected by EUSA and PCR method. Results The HCV infection rate of hemodialysis patients was higher than control group (P<0.01). And the infection rate of hemodialysis patients received blood transfusion was higher than the patients who had not received ( P<0.01). But there was no significant difference in HBV infection. Conclusions Hemodialysis patients are susceptible to HCV infection, blood transfusion is the main cause of infection, and the infection rate is positively related to the quantity and times of transfusion.