Objective To investigate the reason of erythropoietin different response in maintenanc hemodialysis patients. Methods Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone(iPTH),serum erythropoietin level and its antibody of 52 hemodialysis patients were measured by RIA, the blood biochemistry and hemoglobin concentration were determined by conventional methods at the same time. Results There was significant negative correlation between the level of erythropoietin and BUN and (ALP) alkaline phosphatase(r=-0.35，-0.41, respectively, P<0.05). There was no correlation between erythropoietin and Hb, Kt/V and iPTH. While no correlativity of Hb with BUN, ALP and iPTH as well as EPO was found(r=-0.03、-0.05、0.12, respectively, all P>0.05). The level of hemoglobin in Kt/V ＞1.2 group is higher than that in Kt/V <1.2 group, yet iPTH has a contrary result. The levels of Hb and iPTH were obviously different between the two groups, while there was no obvious difference of BUN, Alb, ALP and EPO between the two groups. The antibody of erythropoietin was measured in the 52 patients. The result of three patients was positive, 1(1/17) in ESPO group and the other 2(2/35) in epiao group. The titer of antibody is 1:8-1:16 in two patients, 1:128 in the other, who is diagnosed pure red-cell aplasia. Conclusion There was significantly negative correlation between erythropoietin and BUN, ALP in maintenance hemodialysis patients, but there was no correlation between Hb and erythropoietin, BUN, Kt/V and iPTH. The adeguate dialysis can improve renal anemia. The recombinant human erythropoietin can induce the antibody of erythropoietin and pure red-cell aplasia in hemodialysis patients.