Objective To evalucate the pathogenesis,prevention and treatment of amyloidosis in longterm hemodialysis patients. Methods Serum β2-microglobulin was measured simultaneously in all patients using radioimmunoassay method. Meanwhile, serum creatinine、urea nitrogen and endogenous creatinine clearance were measured regularly to investigate the changes of these measurements in patients with different stages of chronic renal failure, and the effect of serum β2-microglobulin levels in patients with uremia during hemodialysis or hemoperfusion. Results With the increasing severity of renal failure, the concentrations of serum β2-microglobulin were gradually increased. There was a positive correlation between serum β2-microglobulin and creatinine or urea nitrogen,while serum β2-miroglobulin concentrations were inversely proportional to endogenous creatinine clearance. In addition, positive correlation was found between the levels of serum β2-microglobulin and the duration of maintaining dialysis in chronic hemodialysis patients.Serum β2-microglobulin levels were not markedly changed during hemodialysis. After the treatment of hemoperfusion, serum β2-microglobulin levels were elevated statisticaly. Conclusion The elevation of serum β2-microglobulin will lead to amyloidosis in long-term hemodialysis patients.In order to prevent and treat the amyloidosis, There is very important clinical value to find out a new way of effective removal of serum β2-microglobulin.