Objective To investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and renal anemia. Methods Sixty-eight chronic renal failure patients with the exception of diabetic nephropathy were enrolled. All patients had not suffered from disease of infection in the periods of experiment and had not accepted the formal treatment.Based on the level of hemoglobin (HB), they were divided into 2 groups: were 33 patients with HB>9g/dl in group 1,including 18 male and 15 female,age ranged from 38 to71 and 35 patients with HB≤9g/dl in group 2,16 male and 19 female,age ranged from 21 to 71. lipid peroxidation (LPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD), serum cholesterol(CHO), triglyceride(TG), albumin, creatinine and urea nitragen were measured. The Lpoand SOD of group 2 patients were detected again after being treated with erythropoiesis iron, vitc and vit E. results LPO concentration in group 1 patients was significantly lower than that of group 2 patients ( P<0.05), the SOD, serum albumin and CHO were higher than those of group 2 patients( P<0.05). The level of TG and PLT in group 1 were higher than group 2( P>0.05). LPO and SOD levels in group 2 patients were significantly different before and after treatment. HB was negatively correlated with LPO and positively or related with SOD. Conclusion Erythrocytes contains highly effective free radical scavengers. When renal anemia present, Decreased SOD can reduce increased oxidative stress and LPO products; Oxidative stress was improved by correction of the renal anemia and supplement of antioxidant.