【Abstract】 Objective To study the long-term patient and technique survival and analyze the predictors of mortality in diabetic patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods This study included all end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who started on PD between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2009 in Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine. Survival probabilities were studied with Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the predictors of survival. Results A total of 598 patients were enrolled. Among them, 130 patients (21.7%) were diabetics. Compared with non-diabetic patients, diabetics were older (63.7±13.3 vs 52.9±17.0, P<0.001), had more instances of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (31.0% vs 13.6%,P<0.001), lower serum albumin (32.4±5.7 vs 35.1±5.3,P<0.001) and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) ( 0.87±0.26 vs 0.96±0.22,P <0.001). The 1-,2-,3- and 5-year patient survival rates were 86.1%, 73.5%, 58.2% and 50.9% in diabetics, respectively. Patient survival was significantly lower in diabetic patients when compared to non-diabetics (Log rank 25.40, P<0.001). Stratified analysis showed that diabetic patients had significant inferior survival than non-diabetics in patients younger than 65 yrs (Log rank 13.36,P <0.001), while patient survival was similar in diabetics and non-diabetics when they were aged 65 or older (Log rank 0.723, P =0.395). The technique survival and peritonitis-free survival were similar in both patients (P>0.05). Advanced age (HR 1.05 95%CI 1.00-1.08, P =0.019), lower serum albumin (HR 0.91 95%CI 0.83-1.00, P=0.041) and CVD comorbidity (HR 4.49 95%CI 1.94-10.41, P<0.001) were the significant factors that independently predicted outcome in diabetic patients on PD. Conclusions Long-term patient survival for diabetic PD patients was worse than that of non-diabetics, but technique survival and peritonitis-free survival were comparable. PD remains a viable modality of renal replacement therapy for diabetic ESRD patients. Advanced age, lower serum albumin and CVD comorbidity were predictors of mortality in diabetic PD patients.