Abstract: 【Abstract】 Objective To compare the quality of life between renal transplantation (RT) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods A case-control study was used, matching sex, age, education level, employment, means of payment and renal replacement therapy duration in two groups. 58 pairs were selected to fill out Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) which was used to evaluate their quality of life.  Results There were no significant differences in physical component summary and mental component summary between two groups. Physical functioning (t=3.060, P=0.003), general health (t=2.579, P=0.011) and vitality (t=2.610, P=0.011) of RT patients were higher than those of PD patients, whereas role-physical (z=3.917, P=0.000) was lower than PD patients.  Conclusions There was no significant difference in the overall quality of life between two groups. High-quality disease management would benefit to improve the quality of life. We should pay more attention to the disease management, especially for RT patients.