腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)是终末期肾病的重要肾脏替代治疗方式，凭借居家操作便捷性与血流动力学稳定性，显著改善了患者生活质量，但腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎(peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis,PDAP)作为常见且严重的并发症，是导致治疗失败、患者转为血液透析甚至死亡的主要原因，严重限制了PD的临床应用。本文系统综述PDAP的多维度危险因素，包括宿主相关因素、治疗与技术因素及环境相关因素，并梳理各因素的潜在致病机制与临床管理要点，以期降低PDAP发生率，提升PD患者的长期治疗成效与生存质量。

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an important renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease. With the advantages of convenience of home operation and hemodynamic stability, it significantly improves the quality of life of the patients. However, PD-associated peritonitis (PDAP) is a common and serious complication and the main cause of treatment failure, which increases the possibilities of switching to hemodialysis and mortality and severely limits clinical application of PD. This article systematically reviews the risk factors for PDAP from multiple points of view including host related factors (such as older age, diabetes, hypoalbuminemia, smoking, low educational level, intestinal microecological imbalance, etc.), treatment and technical related factors (such as dialysis mode, scale of dialysis center, endoscopic operation, etc.), and environment related factors (such as seasonal changes, pet keeping, etc.). We also introduce the potential pathogenic mechanisms and the key points in management of PDAP, aiming to reduce the incidence of PDAP and improve the long-term prognosis and quality of life of PD patients.