【Abstract】 Objective To observe the correlation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with inflammation-related factors, atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods In a cohort of 40 MHD patients, anti-HCV antibody was found in 20 patients, and negative anti-HCV antibody was found in the remaining 20 patients. Serum albumin, hemoglobin, blood lipids and C-reactive protein were examined by routine methods. The intima thickness (IMT) of carotid artery was measured by high resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Left ventricular diameter (LVD), left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), interventricular septal thickness (IVST), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured by ultrasonic cardiography. Results IMT (1.25±0.36mm vs. 0.96±0.27mm，P＜0.05) and CRP (5.56±2.34mg/L vs. 2.25±1.34mg/L, P＜0.001) were significantly higher in anti-HCV antibody positive patients than in negative patients, while cholesterol, albumin, pre-albumin, hemoglobin and body weight index were lower in anti-HCV antibody positive patients than in negative patients. No differences were found in LVD, LAD, LVPWT, IVST, LVEF and LVMI between anti-HCV antibody positive and negative patients. Conclusion In MHD patients, HCV infection is correlated with atherosclerosis. Since MHD patients are usually complicated with several uremia-related risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, the effect of HCV infection on left ventricular hypertrophy may be underestimated in this study.