【Abstract】Objective To investigate the status quo of mental resilience and its influencing factors in young and middle-aged maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, so as to provide bases for improving mental resilience in these patients. Methods General data of the patients, the mental resilience scale (CD-RISC) and the hemodialysis self-management scale were used to investigate 110 young and middle-aged MHD patients treated in our hospital. Results The total mental resilience score was 63.87±15.400; the dimension scores were resilience 25.91±7.320, optimism 29.72±7.104, and strength 7.80±2.797. Self-management scores were 60.05±10.53; the dimension scores were problem solving 15.55±2.52, self-care activities 20.57 ± 4.01, partnerships 12.25±2.53, and emotional processing 11.68±4.73. In the general data area, educational level, economic status and work status were closely related to the scores of mental resilience (F=3.903, 3.083 and 2.140 respectively; P=0.011, 0.012 and 0.035 respectively). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the scores of psychological resilience and its dimensions were positively correlated with the scores of self-management and its dimensions (P＜0.05) in young and middle- aged MHD patients. Multivariate linear regression revealed that economic status was the influencing factor for psychological resilience (t=3.616, P＜0.001). Conclusion The mental resilience and self-management abilities were relatively low in young and middle-aged MHD patients. Appropriate measures based on the different influencing factors should be taken to enhance mental resilience and self-management abilities, from which their psychological health, disease management abilities and the quality of life can be improved in these MHD patients.